Make & Model |
Active/Passive Cooling |
Coolant |
Battery |
2016 Nissan LEAF SV (100% EV) |
Passive (forced air convection) |
Air |
30kWh lithium-ion battery; 107 mile range |
Nissan e-NV200 (concept commercial van; 100% EV) |
Active (draw air from the vehicle’s climate control system and channel the air over the battery cells) |
Air |
- |
2016 GM Volt (hybrid) |
Active |
Liquid |
18.4kWh compact power lithium-ion cells in the T-shaped battery pack; all electric range 53 miles |
Tesla Model S (100% EV) |
Active |
Glycol-based coolant (50% Sierra Glycol solution, 50% water) |
70 kWh or 85 kWh microprocessor controlled, cylindrical lithium ion cells dubbed 18650s (248 ~ 287 mile range) |
2016 Ford Focus Electric (all electric) |
Active |
Liquid |
23 kWh liquid-cooled, lithium-ion battery; 76 mile range |
BMW i3 (all electric) |
Active |
Direct refrigerant cooling (no extra installation in vehicle, use of existing A/C system) |
22 kWh; 81 miles per charge;150 mile total range per charge with the BMW i3 with range extender (BMW is offering a gasoline range extender engine as an option) |
BYD |
TBA |
TBA |
TBA |
Kia Soul |
TBA |
TBA |
TBA |
Mercedes B-Class ED |
TBA |
TBA |
TBA |
Mitsbushi i-MiEV |
TBA |
TBA |
TBA |
bmw_i3.pdf |
(refrigerant cooling) high_voltage_batteries_of_bmw_vehicles.pdf |
the_impact_of_temperature_extremes_on_large_format_li-ion_batteries_for_vehicle_applications.pdf |